Structured outputs

"Sure! Here is the JSON you asked for:" has broken more production code than any model bug. Structured outputs make the shape guaranteed. Making the contents right is still your job.

In this lesson you'll learn to

Compare prompt-only JSON, JSON mode, and schema-constrained structured outputs.
Explain how constrained decoding guarantees the shape, using what you know about sampling.
Design a schema that reduces made-up values, with enums, required fields and nulls.
Validate values after parsing, and recover when a check fails.

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